HTML Tutorial || Networking Assignment || Computer Full Forms || Ms-Office Shortcut Keys || Ms-Office Notes || Number System Notes || Internet Assignment
JavaScript Tutorial || CSS Tutorial || Operating System Notes || History of Computer Assignment || Netwoking Notes || Computer Fundamentals Notes

Computer Processor, CPU, RAM ,ROM, Memory Management, Hardware, Software Notes PDF Download

by

PROCESSOR
The CPU Consists of Control Unit(CU) and Arithmetic Unit(ALU). CU stores the instructions set, which specifies the operations to be performed by the computer. CU transfers the data and the instructions to the ALU for an arithmetic operation. 
Processor

PDF Download Link https://drive.google.com/open?id=1xzSWrHyYAWFJPuzKuJjjlV1Dw1fTI_AL

ALU performs arithmetical or logical operations on the data received. The CPU registers store the data to be processed by the CPU and the processed data also. Apart from CU and ALU, CPU seeks help from the following hardware devices to process the data :

Motherboard
It refers to a device used for connecting the CPU with the input and output devices. The components on the motherboard are connected to all parts of a computer and are kept insulted from each other. Some of the components of a motherboard are :
MotherBoard

·        Buses : Electrical pathways that transfer data and instructions among different parts of the computer. For example, the data bus is an electrical pathways that transfers data among the microprocessor, memory and input/output devices connected to the computer.
·        System Clock : It is a clock used for synchronizing the activities performed by the computer As a result, the faster the system clock, the faster is the processing speed of the computer.
·        Microprocessor : CPU component that performs the processing and controls the activities performed by the different parts of the computer. The microprocessor is plugged to the CPU socket placed on the motherboard.

·        ROM : Chip that contains the permanent memory of the computer that stores information, which cannot be modified by the end user.
Read Only Memory

RAM
It refers to primary memory of a computer that stores information and programs, until the computer is used.
Random Access Memory

 RAM is available as chip that can be connected to the RAM slots in the motherboard.
Video Card/Sound Card
The video card is an interface b/w the monitor and the CPU. Video cards also include their own RAM and microprocessors that are used for speeding up the processing and display of a graphic. A sound card is a circuit board placed on the motherboard and is used to enhance the sound capabilities of a computer. The sound cards are plugged to the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slots.

OUTPUT DEVICES
The data, processed by the CPU, is made available to the end user by the output devices. The most commonly used output devices are :
  • ·        Monitor
  • ·        Printer
  • ·        Speaker

Monitor
A monitor is the most commonly used output device that produces visual displays generated by the computer. The monitor also known as a screen, is connected as an external device using cables or connected either as a part of the CPU case.
               The monitors can be classified as cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors or liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors. The CRT monitors are large, occupy more space in the computer, whereas LCD monitors are thin, light weighted and occupy lesser space. Both the monitors are available as monochrome, gray scale and color models. However, the quality of the visual display produced by the CRT is better than that produced by the LCD.
               When a beam of electros strike the screen, the beam strikes the red, green and blue phosphors on the screen and irradiates it to produce the image. If the rate at which the screen gets refreshed is large, then the screen starts flickering, when the images are refreshed. The resolution of monitor is also called the dot pitch. The monitor with a higher resolution produces a clearer image.
Printer
The printer is an output device that transfers the text displayed on the screen, onto paper sheets can be used by the end user. The various types of printers used in the market are generally categorized as dot matrix printers, inkjet printers and laser printers. The performance of a printer is measured in terms of dots per inch (DPI) and pages per minute (PPM) produced by the printer.
·        Dot matrix printers : Dot matrix printers are impact printers that use perforated sheet to print the text. The process to print a text involves striking a pin against a ribbon to produce its impressions on the paper.
·        Inkjet printers : Inkjet printers are slower than dot matrix printers and are used to generate high quality photographic prints. Inkjet printers are not impact printers.
·        Laser Printers : The laser printer may or may not be connected to a computer, to generate an output. These printers consists of a microprocessor, ROM and RAM, which can be used to store the textual information.
Speaker
The speaker is an electromechanical transducer that converts an electrical signal into sound. They are attached to a computer as output devices, to provide audio output, such as warning sounds and internet audios. The sound card being used in the computer system decides the quality of audio that we listen using music CDs or over the internet.
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
The memory unit of a computer is used to store data, instructions for processing data, intermediate results of processing and the final processed information. The memory units of a computer are classified as primary memory and secondary memory.
Primary Memory
The primary memory is available in the computer as a built-in unit of the computer. The primary memory represented as a set of locations with each location occupying 8 bits. Each bit in the memory is identified by a unique address. The commonly used primary memories are as follows :
·        ROM : ROM represents Read Only Memory that stores data and instructions, even when the computer is turned off. It is the permanent memory of the computer where the contents cannot be modified by an end user. ROM is a chip that is inserted into the motherboard. It is generally used to store the Basic Input/ Output System (BIOS), which performs the Post on Self Test (POST).
·        RAM : RAM is the Random Access Memory unit in which the information is retained only as long as there is a regular power supply. When the power supply is interrupted or switched off, the information stored in the RAM is lost. RAM is volatile memory that temporary stores data.
·        Cache Memory : Cache Memory is used to store the data and the related application that was last processed by the CPU. When the processor performs processing, it first searches the cache memory and then the RAM, for an instruction.
Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory represents the external storage devices that are connected to the computer. They provide a non-volatile memory sources used to store information that is not use currently. The secondary devices can be classified as :
·        Magnetic storage devices : The magnetic devices store information that can be read, erased and rewritten a number of times. These include floppy disk, hard disk and magnetic tapes.
·        Optical storage device : The optical storage devices are secondary storage devices that use laser beams to read the stored data. These include CD-ROM, rewritten compact disk (CD-RW), digital video disks with read only memory (DVD-ROM), etc.
·        Magneto-optical storage device : The magneto-optical storage devices are generally used to store information, such as large programs, files and back up data. The end user can modify the information stored in magneto-optical storage devices multiple times.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
There are two types of Software :
·        System Software
·        Application Software
System Software
System software refers to a computer program that manages and controls hardware components of a computer system. In other words, the system software is responsible for handling for functioning of the computer hardware. The system software is responsible for the proper functioning of the application software on a computer system. The system software includes general programs, which are written to provide an environment for developing new application software using programming languages.
               It also performs various operations, such as memory allocation, instruction processing, and file management. The most commonly used operating systems are MS DOS, MS Windows, and UNIX. The following are the various functions of system software :
·        Process Management
·        Memory Management
·        Secondary Storage Management
·        I/O System Management
·        File Management
Application Software

PDF Download Link https://drive.google.com/open?id=1xzSWrHyYAWFJPuzKuJjjlV1Dw1fTI_AL

Application software is a computer program that is executed on the system software. It is designed and developed for performing specific tasks and is also known as end-user program. Application software is unable to run without the system software, such as operating system and utility programs. It includes several applications, such as word-processing and spreadsheets. The most commonly used spreadsheet application is MS Excel, which is also a part of MS Office suite. It helps in storing and maintaining a database in a structural manner.

Tags